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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Mutations01:35

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Mismatch Repair01:20

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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RNA damage and its implications in genome stability.

Mustapha Olatunji1, Yuan Liu2

  • 1Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.

DNA Repair
|March 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cellular RNA damage threatens genome stability. This review highlights the crucial, yet overlooked, role of RNA repair mechanisms, like human AlkB homolog 3, in maintaining cellular integrity and preventing disease.

Keywords:
DNA and RNA damageDNA repairGenome stabilityRNA integrityRNA repairRNA surveillance

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular stressors damage DNA and RNA, impacting genome and transcriptome stability.
  • RNA damage can influence genome stability through RNA-templated DNA synthesis.
  • The mechanisms of RNA damage and repair, and their role in genome stability, are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of RNA damage and its effects on cellular function, DNA repair, and genome instability.
  • To explore potential RNA damage repair mechanisms.
  • To emphasize the importance of RNA repair in maintaining genome stability.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on RNA damage, repair, and genome stability.
  • Discussion of RNA surveillance pathways.
  • Examination of RNA repair enzymes, including human AlkB homolog 3.
  • Analysis of the overlap between DNA and RNA repair pathways.

Main Results:

  • RNA damage compromises genome stability and can lead to diseases.
  • RNA repair is critical for maintaining RNA integrity during transcription.
  • Human AlkB homolog 3 directly repairs damaged RNA nucleobases.
  • Some DNA repair enzymes also process RNA damage.

Conclusions:

  • Maintaining RNA integrity through effective repair is essential for genome stability.
  • Further research into RNA damage and repair mechanisms is necessary.
  • RNA repair plays a critical, often overlooked, role in cellular health and disease prevention.