Evolving concepts of low-density lipoprotein: From structure to function

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Science
• Lipid Metabolism
• Atherosclerosis Research

Background:

• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is traditionally known as 'bad cholesterol' and a key factor in atherosclerosis.
• Emerging evidence highlights LDL's diverse roles in inflammation, immunity, and cellular signaling.
• Comprehending LDL's structure, metabolism, and function is vital for cardiovascular disease research and therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the historical progression and current understanding of LDL.
• To explore LDL's structure, metabolism, and multifaceted functions in cardiovascular health and disease.
• To analyze recent advancements in LDL research, including molecular biology and omics-based approaches.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of existing literature on LDL.
• Analysis of key milestones in LDL research history.
• Examination of structural and functional insights using imaging, proteomics, and lipidomics.

Main Results:

• LDL metabolism is critical for lipid homeostasis and atherogenesis.
• LDL influences plaque inflammation, adaptive immunity, and cellular signaling pathways.
• LDL heterogeneity impacts its pathogenic potential, redefining clinical significance and risk assessment.

Conclusions:

• A comprehensive view of LDL biology reveals its complexity beyond cholesterol transport.
• Further research into LDL's structural and functional diversity is needed.
• Refined understanding will improve cardiovascular risk prediction and therapeutic strategies.