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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.1K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.1K
Translation01:31

Translation

14.4K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2025

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

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Ribosomes: from conserved origin to functional/medical mobility and heterogeneity.

Andre Rivalta1, Disha-Gajanan Hiregange1, Tanaya Bose1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|March 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis, exhibit surprising diversity in structure and function across different conditions. Understanding this variability is key to comprehending cellular processes and diseases like cancer.

Keywords:
genetic diseasesprotoribosomeribosomal mutationsribosome heterogeneityribosome mobilityribosomopathies

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ribosomes are universally conserved molecular machines responsible for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
  • Traditionally viewed as uniform protein synthesis factories, recent research indicates significant complexity and variability.
  • This diversity extends across tissues, species, developmental stages, and cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the structural and functional diversity of ribosomes.
  • To investigate how ribosomal heterogeneity impacts protein biosynthesis under various conditions, including environmental stress.
  • To challenge the traditional perception of uniform ribosomal interactions and roles.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of ribosomes.
  • Biochemical studies of ribosomal components and their interactions.
  • Medical investigations into diseases associated with ribosomal dysfunction (ribosomopathies).

Main Results:

  • Ribosomes display significant compositional variability, challenging their uniform perception.
  • Ribosomal diversity is linked to multifunctional potential and heterogeneity in cellular responses.
  • Modifications in ribosomal genes can play critical roles in stress responses and disease development.

Conclusions:

  • Ribosome diversity is a crucial factor influencing protein synthesis, development, and disease.
  • In-depth structural studies enhance understanding of stress-response mechanisms in protein biosynthesis.
  • Findings suggest a need to reshape perceptions of the multifaceted roles of ribosomes in cellular life.