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A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

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Numerical Analysis of Pilot Neck Injury Risk During High-G Maneuvers in Air Combat.

Feng Zhu¹, Liming Voo², Krithika Balakrishnan²

¹Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering

|March 6, 2025

Summary

High-G maneuvers in fighter jets pose risks to pilot necks. A finite element model reveals potential soft tissue injury in the mid-lower cervical spine, though severe injury risk remains low.

Keywords:

active muscles finite element modeling high‐G maneuvers machine learning military pilot neck injury

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Published on: September 21, 2017

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Aerospace Medicine
Human Factors Engineering

Background:

Air force fighter jet pilots experience physiological stress during high-G maneuvers.
Pilot neck injuries are a concern due to head inertia effects in high-G environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To simulate dynamic responses of the human head-neck structure during high Gz maneuvers.
To evaluate potential soft tissue injuries in the cervical spine of pilots.
To analyze the impact of acceleration magnitude and helmet mass on injury risk.

Main Methods:

A validated finite element model of the human head-neck structure was employed.
Simulations included typical high Gz maneuvers with "check-6" head turns and active muscle functions.
Model validation used experimental data from cervical spine torsion, cadaver sagittal loading, and volunteer deceleration tests.

Main Results:

Tissue strain analysis indicated higher injury risk for the intervertebral disc and facet joint capsular ligaments in the mid-lower cervical spine.
Macro biomechanical injury metrics suggested a low risk of severe cervical spine injury.
Findings align with reported pilot neck injuries and degenerative changes.

Conclusions:

The study provides insights into potential soft tissue injuries in the cervical spine during high Gz maneuvers.
Results support the development of improved injury prevention and mitigation strategies for fighter jet pilots.
The finite element model serves as a valuable tool for understanding head-neck biomechanics in aviation.