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Semiconducting Open-Shell Radicals for Precise Tumor Activatable Phototheranostics.

Jie Zhang1, Haifen Luo1, Wen Ma1

  • 1Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
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Summary

New semiconducting open-shell radicals (SORs) based on perylene diimide (PDI) show promise for cancer theranostics. These PDI(Br)n radicals generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enable bioimaging-guided therapy.

Keywords:
CDTNIR‐II FLIimmunotherapysemiconducting open‐shell radicalstumor activatable phototheranosticstype‐I PDT

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Semiconducting open-shell radicals (SORs) are emerging as potent agents for photodynamic therapy and bioimaging.
  • Developing stable and efficient SORs for targeted cancer treatment remains a challenge.
  • Perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives offer tunable electronic properties for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a new class of bromine-substituted perylene diimide semiconducting open-shell radicals (PDI(Br)n).
  • To investigate the photophysical properties and radical anion generation of PDI(Br)n for cancer theranostics.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of PDI(Br)6 nanoparticle radicals ([PDI(Br)6] NPs•-) in tumor treatment and imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of PDI(Br)n derivatives with varying bromine substitution.
  • Generation and characterization of radical anions ([PDI(Br)n]•-) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.
  • Quantum chemical kinetic simulations and ultrafast femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to study electronic properties.
  • Preparation and evaluation of [PDI(Br)6] NPs•- for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, immunogenic cell death, photoacoustic imaging, and NIR-II emission.

Main Results:

  • PDI(Br)n was synthesized and demonstrated to form stable radical anions ([PDI(Br)n]•-) in reducing environments.
  • [PDI(Br)6]•- exhibited favorable properties including low π-π stacking energy, fast electron transfer, and specific energy gaps.
  • [PDI(Br)6] NPs•- effectively generated superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in tumors, inducing immunogenic cell death.
  • [PDI(Br)6] NPs•- provided photoacoustic signals and NIR-II emission for bioimaging-guided therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Bromine-substituted PDI derivatives can be designed as stable SORs for theranostic applications.
  • [PDI(Br)6] NPs•- show significant potential for combined chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, and activatable bioimaging.
  • This study provides a foundation for developing advanced SORs for precise and effective cancer theranostics.