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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Biomechanical Characterization of Human Soft Tissues Using Indentation and Tensile Testing

Biomechanical Characterization of Human Soft Tissues Using Indentation and Tensile Testing

Published on: December 13, 2016

The Histological and Mechanical Behavior of Skin During Puncture for Different Impactor Sizes and Loading Rates.

Joseph LeSueur^1,2, Jared Koser^2,3, William Dzwierzynski⁴

¹Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

|March 7, 2025

Summary

Skin thickness and blunt impactor size significantly influence puncture resistance and failure mechanics. Higher loading rates increase force and stiffness, impacting skin

Keywords:

Digital image correlation Failure mechanism Force thresholds Natural tension Skin thickness

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Last Updated: May 23, 2025

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Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

Published on: February 26, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Materials Science
Dermatology

Background:

Skin's hierarchical structure provides mechanical protection, with viscoelasticity and anisotropy studied under tension.
Previous puncture studies often used skin simulants lacking natural tension and variable thickness.

Purpose of the Study:

To define the mechanical behavior and failure thresholds of skin during blunt impact puncture.
To investigate the effects of varying impactor sizes and loading rates on skin puncture.

Main Methods:

232 porcine skin samples were subjected to puncture tests using 3-, 5-, or 8-mm spherical impactors.
Tests included pre-conditioning, sub-failure, and failure trials at loading rates from 5 to 1000 mm/s.
Generalized linear mixed models analyzed significant factors affecting puncture probability.

Main Results:

Increased skin thickness significantly enhanced stiffness, failure force, and strain energy, while decreasing failure displacement.
An 8-mm impactor resulted in significantly greater force, displacement, strain energy, and stiffness at failure.
Higher loading rates (1000 mm/s) increased failure force and stiffness but decreased displacement.
3D-DIC strain mapping revealed anisotropic behavior, and larger wounds were associated with the 8-mm impactor.
Histological analysis showed collagen realignment and initial failure in the reticular dermis, followed by papillary dermis and epidermis.

Conclusions:

Failure metrics derived from these puncture tests provide valuable data for developing protective clothing.
Findings can improve computational models simulating skin mechanics under impact.
Results contribute to advancements in forensic science applications related to skin trauma.