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Evolution of the JULGI-SMXL4/5 module for phloem development in angiosperms.

Chanyoung Park1, Hyun Seob Cho1, Yookyung Lim2

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The RNA-binding protein JULGI regulates plant development by controlling SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2-LIKE (SMXL) genes. In angiosperms, JULGI uncouples SMXL4/5 from strigolactone signaling, enabling independent phloem development.

Keywords:
angiospermphloem developmentplant evolutionuntranslated regionzinc finger protein

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • Seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms) possess bifacial cambium for xylem/phloem production and monopodial architecture for growth.
  • SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2-LIKE (SMXL) genes are crucial for phloem development and regulating axillary bud outgrowth via strigolactone signaling.
  • JULGI, an RNA-binding protein, is the sole known regulator of SMXL4 and SMXL5, but its interaction with strigolactone signaling was unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory role of JULGI in SMXL4/5 expression and its relationship with strigolactone signaling in angiosperms.
  • To understand the evolutionary conservation and functional divergence of JULGI and SMXL genes across vascular plants.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of JULGI and SMXL gene expression in vascular plant tissues.
  • Functional characterization using heterologous expression in Arabidopsis mutants (jul1 jul2, smxl4 smxl5).
  • Analysis of SMXL protein stability in response to strigolactone analog treatment.

Main Results:

  • JULGI directly regulates SMXL4/5 expression in angiosperms, decoupling it from strigolactone signaling.
  • A conserved G-rich element in the 5' UTR of angiosperm SMXL4/5 mRNA acts as a JULGI target site for negative regulation.
  • Angiosperm SMXL4/5 proteins lack a degradation motif, unlike ancestral SMXLs, conferring resistance to strigolactone-induced proteasomal degradation.

Conclusions:

  • The JULGI-SMXL4/5 regulatory module in angiosperms allows for independent control of phloem development.
  • Evolution of the 5' UTR in SMXL4/5 likely facilitated the divergence of strigolactone signaling pathways in angiosperms.
  • This regulatory innovation contributed to the adaptive success of angiosperms.