Connecting the dots: Mitochondrial transfer in immunity, inflammation, and cancer

Mitochondria are more than mere energy generators; they are multifaceted organelles that integrate metabolic, signalling, and immune functions, making them indispensable players in maintaining cellular and systemic health. Mitochondrial transfer has recently garnered attention due to its potential role in several physiological and pathological processes. This process involves multiple mechanisms by which mitochondria, along with mitochondrial DNA and other components, are exchanged between cells. In this review, we examine the critical roles of mitochondrial transfer in health and disease, focusing on its impact on immune cell function, the resolution of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration. Additionally, we explore its implications in viral infections and cancer progression. We also provide insights into emerging therapeutic applications, emphasizing its potential to address unmet clinical needs.