Weak salinization alleviates the harmful impact of cyanobacteria on water fleas

Climate change and anthropogenic activities are driving dramatic changes in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, cyanobacterial blooms and freshwater salinization have recently received much attention, however, the comprehensive effects of these stressors on aquatic organisms are complex and have yet to be accurately clarified. This study tested the harmful effects of cyanobacteria and increasing salinity on zooplankton by characterizing the life-history traits and gut microbiota composition in the large-bodied Daphnia pulex and small-bodied Simocephalus vetulus. In 0 g L^-1 salinity, the intrinsic growth rates of both species decreased when fed a diet containing cyanobacteria. Without cyanobacteria, the intrinsic growth rate of D. pulex was highest at 1 g L^-1 salinity and lowest at 2 g L^-1, whereas that of S. vetulus declined as salinity levels rose. Salinity alleviated the negative effects of cyanobacteria on water fleas. D. pulex performed worse than S. vetulus under high salinity (2 g L^-1), cyanobacteria or their combined effects. Salinity changed the dominant gut microbiota in the water fleas when fed cyanobacteria. Bacteroides sp. and Cetobacterium sp. in D. pulex and Cetobacterium sp. in S. vetulus were most abundant when the water fleas were reared at low salinity (1 g L^-1). The consistent changes in the dominant bacterial groups and the life-history traits indicate that the gut microbiota might adjust their tolerance to cyanobacteria.