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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin
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Endotypes of atopic dermatitis.

Nanna Fyhrquist1, Ying Yang2, Piia Karisola3

  • 1Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|March 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) endotypes, defined by specific biological processes, require personalized treatments. Identifying these subtypes through molecular profiling is key to improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Atopic dermatitisbiomarkersendotypesmolecular profilingpersonalized medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and immunology research.

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex skin condition with genetic, immune, and environmental influences.
  • Previous classification of AD into extrinsic and intrinsic types is now considered inadequate.
  • Recent studies reveal distinct AD endotypes based on immune profiles and molecular signatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of recognizing diverse atopic dermatitis endotypes.
  • To emphasize the need for endotype-specific treatments in managing AD.
  • To explore the potential of molecular profiling in refining AD classification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on atopic dermatitis immune profiles and molecular signatures.
  • Analysis of classifications based on immune pathways (e.g., TH2, TH1, TH17/TH22), genetics, and microbiome.
  • Consideration of emerging molecular profiling technologies for biomarker identification.

Main Results:

  • AD exhibits diverse endotypes characterized by distinct immune responses and biological processes.
  • Current treatments show variable efficacy across different AD endotypes.
  • Molecular profiling technologies are emerging as tools for identifying endotype-specific biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding AD endotypes is crucial for developing personalized treatment strategies.
  • Endotype-specific approaches are necessary to improve the efficacy of therapies for atopic dermatitis.
  • Advanced molecular profiling promises to refine AD classification and guide targeted interventions.