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Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor...

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...

Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...

Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Published on: December 11, 2017

Locomotion-dependent auditory gating to the parietal cortex guides multisensory decisions.

Ilsong Choi¹, Seung-Hee Lee^2,3

¹Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, IBS, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.

Nature Communications

|March 7, 2025

Summary

Locomotion shifts decision-making from auditory to visual dominance by inhibiting auditory cortical neurons. This neural gating mechanism in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is crucial for adapting to changing sensory environments.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2025

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

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Published on: December 11, 2017

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P50 Sensory Gating in Infants

P50 Sensory Gating in Infants

Published on: December 26, 2013

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sensory processing
Decision-making

Background:

Mammalian decision-making integrates multisensory inputs, with flexible resolution based on sensory modality dominance.
Neural mechanisms for state-dependent shifts in sensory dominance are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how locomotion influences sensory dominance in decision-making.
To elucidate the neural circuits mediating locomotion-induced shifts in sensory dominance.

Main Methods:

Circuit-specific calcium imaging in mice.
Optogenetic manipulations to control neural activity.
Behavioral tasks assessing audiovisual decision-making during locomotion.

Main Results:

Locomotion shifts decision-making from auditory to visual dominance during audiovisual conflicts.
Weakened visual representation in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) correlates with auditory dominance when stationary.
Locomotion inhibits auditory cortical neurons projecting to the PPC (AC_PPC) via secondary motor cortex (M2_AC) projections, promoting visual dominance.

Conclusions:

Locomotion dynamically gates auditory information to the association cortex (PPC).
The M2_AC-AC_PPC pathway mediates auditory suppression during locomotion.
Findings reveal neural circuit basis for state-dependent sensory dominance in multisensory decision-making.