Computer vision syndrome: a comprehensive literature review

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Occupational Health
• Digital Health
• Ergonomics

Background:

• Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is a prevalent health issue, affecting up to 69% of the population.
• Increased digital screen time, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has amplified CVS prevalence, with some studies reporting symptoms in up to 74% of individuals.
• Factors contributing to CVS include screen-related issues, environmental conditions, poor ergonomics, and physiological aspects, particularly impacting individuals with uncorrected vision.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively explore the causes, diagnosis, management, and prevention strategies for Computer Vision Syndrome.
• To synthesize recent scientific findings across optometry, occupational health, digital health, and ergonomics.
• To highlight emerging technologies like AI, wearables, and augmented reality in the context of CVS management.

Main Methods:

• A narrative review of scientific literature published between 2014 and 2024.
• Focus on PubMed-indexed, peer-reviewed articles, including meta-analyses and systematic reviews.
• Prioritization of recent and highly cited studies for relevance and impact.

Main Results:

• CVS is multifactorial, stemming from digital screen use, environmental factors, and individual physiological conditions.
• Digital screens present unique visual challenges, such as reduced clarity and glare, intensifying symptoms like dry eyes and discomfort.
• The pandemic significantly increased screen time, leading to a documented rise in CVS symptoms.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the multifaceted nature of CVS is essential for developing effective mitigation strategies.
• Proactive prevention and management approaches are crucial for addressing the growing impact of CVS.
• Integrating insights from various disciplines and emerging technologies can enhance the future management of digital eye strain.