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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

50.9K
All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
50.9K
Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

335
Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
335
Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:25

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

10.1K
In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday...
10.1K
Mass Spectrometry: Aromatic Compound Fragmentation01:23

Mass Spectrometry: Aromatic Compound Fragmentation

1.5K
Upon ionization, aromatic compounds generate a molecular ion that is observed as a prominent peak in their mass spectra. For example, the molecular ion peak for benzene appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 78, while toluene is observed at a mass-to-charge ratio of 92. The molecular ion benzene is highly stable and does not readily undergo further fragmentation due to the significant amount of energy required to disrupt the aromatic stability of the benzene ring. In contrast, the molecular ion...
1.5K
Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:26

Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

2.2K
Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and...
2.2K
Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation01:03

Mass Spectrometry: Alcohol Fragmentation

3.3K
Alcohols (R-OH) ionize to lose one non-bonded electron from the oxygen atom, forming molecular ions. Due to their tendency to fragment rapidly, the intensity of the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum is weak or sometimes absent. The fragmentation patterns for alcohols occur in two ways, i.e. ⍺-cleavage and dehydration. During ⍺-cleavage, the bond at the ⍺-position adjacent to the hydroxyl group cleaves to give a resonance-stabilized cation and a radical. However,...
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
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Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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Grape volatile organic compounds: analysis, biosynthesis, and profiling.

Iva Šikuten1, Petra Štambuk1, Zvjezdana Marković1

  • 1University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetosimunska 25, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|March 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Grape quality and wine acceptance depend on volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study overviews VOCs in grapes, their biosynthetic pathways, and analytical methods for identification and quantification.

Keywords:
Aromatic profileVOC analysisbiosynthesisgrape berriesgrapevine varietiesvolatile organic compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Enology
  • Plant Biochemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Grape quality and wine acceptance are significantly influenced by secondary metabolites, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
  • Hundreds of VOCs, including terpenoids, volatile phenols, methoxypyrazines, and aliphatic compounds, have been identified in grapes and wines.
  • Factors like grape variety, climate, and vineyard management impact VOC profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of volatile compounds synthesized in grape berries.
  • To explore the biosynthetic pathways responsible for VOC production in grapes.
  • To discuss analytical methods for the identification and quantification of grape VOCs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on volatile organic compounds in grapes.
  • Analysis of secondary metabolite classes influencing grape aroma.
  • Discussion of techniques for VOC sample preparation, identification, and quantification.

Main Results:

  • Identified major classes of VOCs in grapes: terpenoids, volatile phenols, methoxypyrazines, and aliphatic compounds.
  • Highlighted the complexity of VOC metabolism due to numerous genes and precursors.
  • Emphasized the importance of analytical methods for understanding VOCs' role in grape aroma.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding grape VOCs is crucial for determining wine quality and consumer acceptance.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the biosynthetic pathways and genetic regulation of VOCs.
  • Accurate analytical techniques are essential for characterizing grape aroma profiles.