Maternal effects on offspring immunity in fish

The aquaculture industry faces many challenges, particularly concerning disease-related mortality during early life stages. Disease impacts at this stage can disrupt seed stock availability and potentially affect industry supply chains. Enhancing immunocompetence in aquaculture species is crucial for sustainable and cost-effective production, with potential benefits including increased survival and reduced dependence on therapeutics such as antibiotics. Maternal immunity involving the transfer of immune factors from adult female broodstock to eggs and/or embryos can play a critical role in protecting vulnerable offspring against pathogens until their immune system becomes immunocompetent. This review summarizes the current understanding of maternal immunity in fish and provides insights into the factors influencing its impact on offspring of different fish species and their immune responses. In specific cases, maternal immunity can be targeted and enhanced to offer practical applications for aquaculture disease management and enhanced production. Understanding and optimizing maternal transfer of immunity in aquaculture holds significant potential for improving fish health and reducing disease impact.