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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion01:20

Cognitive Theories: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

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Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which emphasizes the interplay between physiological arousal and cognitive labeling in forming emotional experiences. This theory suggests that emotions are not simply a result of physiological responses but rather a combination of these responses and the individual's cognitive interpretation of them.
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Emotional labeling is a cognitive process that involves identifying and naming one's emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, or sadness. It allows individuals to recognize and express their internal emotional states, a critical aspect of emotional regulation and communication. Labeling emotions requires more than mere recognition; it also involves drawing upon memory and contextual cues to understand the current situation and apply a corresponding emotional label. For instance, feeling...
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Cognitive Theories: Lazarus Mediational Theory of Emotion01:17

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Richard Lazarus' cognitive mediational theory highlights the pivotal role of cognitive appraisal in shaping emotional responses. According to this theory, the evaluation of a stimulus — based on personal values, goals, beliefs, and expectations — mediates the emotional response. This appraisal process is immediate and often occurs unconsciously, influencing the intensity and nature of the resulting emotion.
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Some researchers suggest that altruism operates on empathy. Empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective, to feel what he or she feels. An empathetic person makes an emotional connection with others and feels compelled to help (Batson, 1991). Empathy can be expressed in several ways, including cognitive, affective, and motor. 
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Emotional Expression01:26

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Emotional expression encompasses how individuals convey their emotions through verbal communication and non-verbal cues. These non-verbal actions include facial expressions, body language, and physical gestures, such as frowning or smiling. Among these, facial expressions play a crucial role in emotional expression and are understood universally, indicating a biological basis for how humans communicate emotions.
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
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Embedding emotion concepts in cognitive maps.

Yumeng Ma1, Nilofar Vafaie1, Philip A Kragel1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Emory University, USA.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|March 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study proposes that the brain forms emotion knowledge by learning transitions between emotion concepts, mediated by hippocampal and grid cells. This research explores how the brain constructs emotional understanding from core affective dimensions.

Keywords:
Affective circumplexCognitive mapEmotion conceptHippocampal formationPrefrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Emotion knowledge is organized in a two-dimensional affective circumplex.
  • This structure is believed to develop from core affective feelings and co-occurring emotional events.
  • Neural studies indicate that emotion concepts and cognitive maps are processed in hippocampal-prefrontal systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel hypothesis for the formation of the affective circumplex.
  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying emotion concept organization.
  • To contribute to the debate on whether emotions are biologically basic or constructed.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a model involving learning transitions between emotion concepts.
  • It hypothesizes a reciprocal network between hippocampal cells (encoding emotion concepts) and grid cells (encoding spatial/abstract relations).
  • The proposed network involves medial entorhinal and ventral prefrontal cortices.

Main Results:

  • The study hypothesizes that learning transitions between emotion concepts forms the affective circumplex.
  • It posits a neural mechanism involving hippocampal and grid cells in this process.
  • This framework suggests a constructed view of emotions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model offers a new perspective on emotion organization in the brain.
  • Testing this hypothesis could clarify the biological basis versus constructed nature of emotions.
  • This research highlights the role of neural networks in understanding complex cognitive functions like emotion.