Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death globally. Given the airborne transmission of tuberculosis, anybody can be infected, but people in high-incidence settings are more exposed. Risk of progression to disease is higher in the first years after infection, and in people with undernourishment, immunosuppression, or who smoke, drink alcohol, or have diabetes. Although cough, fever, and weight loss are hallmark symptoms, people with tuberculosis can be asymptomatic, so a high index of suspicion is required. Prompt diagnosis can be made by sputum examination (ideally with rapid molecular tests), but chest radiography can be helpful. Most people with disease can be treated with regimens of 6 months or less; longer regimens may be necessary for those with drug resistance. Central to successful treatment is comprehensive, person-centred care including addressing key determinants, such as undernourishment, smoking, and alcohol use, and optimising management of comorbidities, such as diabetes and HIV. Care should continue after treatment ends, as long-term sequelae are common. Prevention relies mostly on treatment with rifamycin-based regimens; current vaccines have limited efficacy. Ongoing research on shorter and safer regimens for infection and disease treatment, and simpler and more accurate diagnostic methods will be key for tuberculosis elimination.