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Longitudinal associations between executive function and positive parenting during early childhood and resilience,
Lalin Rungsattatharm1, Priyakorn Tasingha1, Pon Trairatvorakul2
1Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Thai Red Cross Society, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
Background:
Longitudinal studies of associations between executive function (EF) and parenting behaviors during early childhood and resilience, self-regulation, and behavioral problems in school-age children are scarce. This study aims to evaluate long-term associations between EF and parenting behaviors during preschool and resilience, self-regulatory efficacy, and behavioral problems in 9-year-old children.
Methods:
From February 2021-March 2022, 195 participants were enrolled from a larger longitudinal study conducted since age 6 months. Parents reported child EF difficulties and behavioral problems at ages 4, 6, and 9, as well as parenting behaviors at ages 4 and 6. Children reported resilience and self-regulatory efficacy at age 9. The relationships between these variables were analyzed using path analysis.
Results:
Among 195 participants (51.3% female) with a median age of 108 months (interquartile range 108-109), EF difficulties at ages 4 and 6 exhibited direct and indirect relationships with lower resilience, reduced self-regulatory efficacy, and behavioral problems at age 9. Positive parenting at ages 4 and 6 were indirectly associated with better resilience, self-regulatory efficacy, and fewer behavioral problems at age 9, mediated by reduced EF difficulties and behavioral problems during preschool.
Conclusions:
EF difficulties during preschool were correlated with decreased resilience, self-regulatory efficacy, and behavioral problems in school-age children. Interventions focusing on promoting EF and positive parenting during early childhood may alleviate behavioral problems and potentially enhance resilience and self-regulatory efficacy during school-age.
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