Social Determinants of Suicide and Suicidality in Serving Military Personnel: A Global Scoping Review

Nearly a million people die by suicide annually, with military personnel being at heightened risk. For every suicide, about 20 cases of suicidality, including ideation and attempts, are reported. Social determinants of health may influence suicide risk factors, but research within military contexts, particularly in Australia, is scarce. This review aimed to scope global literature and synthesise current knowledge on the social determinants of suicide and suicidality among serving military members, focusing on the Australian military.

A systematic review was conducted using the social determinants of health framework to analyse contemporary peer-reviewed articles and grey literature on military suicide and suicidality. Thematic analyses and critical appraisals were performed to identify key themes and assess the quality of the literature. The review included grey literature specific to the Australian military population.

Fifteen peer-reviewed articles were included, predominantly from the United States, with one each from South Korea and Israel. Five Australian military grey literature studies were also reviewed. The findings suggest a link between social support, addiction, socioeconomic status, education and occupational factors with suicide and suicidality.

This review provides an update on the evidence regarding the social determinants of suicide and suicidality in military personnel. While some evidence links social support with suicidality, the research outside the United States remains limited. SO WHAT?: The review highlights the need for further research to identify effective health-promotion strategies and interventions addressing social determinants in military contexts.