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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
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Renal glucosuria in children.

Meral Torun Bayram1, Salih Kavukcu2

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Inciralti-Balcova 35340, Izmir, Türkiye. meralt.bayram@yahoo.com.tr.

World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics
|March 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Familial renal glycosuria (FRG) involves persistent glucose in urine due to SGLT2 gene mutations. This condition, though often benign, presents unique clinical features and informs SGLT2 inhibitor research for diabetes.

Keywords:
Basolateral glucose transportersFamilial renal glucosuriaFanconi-Bickel syndromeIntestinal glucose-galactose malabsorptionSodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorsSodium-glucose cotransporters

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Human Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The kidneys are crucial for glucose homeostasis, reabsorbing most filtered glucose in proximal tubules.
  • Glycosuria, or glucose in urine, indicates impaired tubular function or exceeded reabsorption thresholds.
  • Familial renal glycosuria (FRG) is a genetic condition with persistent glycosuria despite normal blood glucose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, genetics, and clinical aspects of familial renal glycosuria (FRG).
  • To highlight the connection between FRG and the development of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes treatment.
  • To underscore the need for further research into renal glucosuria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on familial renal glycosuria (FRG).
  • Analysis of genetic mutations associated with FRG, particularly in the SGLT2 gene.
  • Examination of clinical features and potential health impacts in FRG patients.

Main Results:

  • FRG is primarily linked to mutations in the sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) gene.
  • While often asymptomatic, FRG patients may exhibit specific clinical manifestations like altered growth and metabolic parameters.
  • FRG research has influenced the investigation of SGLT2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Familial renal glycosuria (FRG) offers insights into renal glucose handling and SGLT2 function.
  • Further research is essential to fully elucidate the clinical spectrum and molecular basis of renal glucosuria.
  • Understanding FRG pathophysiology is vital for both genetic counseling and therapeutic advancements in diabetes.