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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Glial Influence in Experience-Dependent Synaptic Pruning During Critical Periods
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Repulsive interactions instruct synaptic partner matching in an olfactory circuit.

Zhuoran Li1,2, Cheng Lyu1,2, Chuanyun Xu1

  • 1Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|March 10, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repulsive cell-surface protein pairs guide neuron connections in developing brains. These interactions prevent incorrect synaptic partner matching, ensuring circuit accuracy.

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Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neurons form precise connections using cell-surface proteins (CSPs).
  • Attractive CSPs guide synaptic partner matching, but the role of repulsive CSPs is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of repulsive CSPs in synaptic partner matching in the developing Drosophila olfactory circuit.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic screen utilizing single-cell transcriptomes.
  • Identification and analysis of CSP pairs mediating repulsive interactions.

Main Results:

  • Identified three CSP pairs (Toll2-Ptp10D, Fili-Kek1, Hbs/Sns-Kirre) mediating repulsion between non-partner neurons.
  • CSP pairs showed inverse expression patterns and functional interdependence.
  • Loss of function in CSPs caused synaptic partner matching deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple repulsive CSP pairs actively prevent incorrect neuronal connections.
  • These repulsive interactions are crucial for precise synaptic partner matching during development.