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Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials01:24

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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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Fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on their response to shear stress. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and the shear strain rate, following Newton's law of viscosity. Their viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate, making their behavior predictable and easier to analyze. Common examples include water, air, oil, and gasoline.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

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In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Ductile Materials01:24

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The stress-strain relationship in ductile materials such as structural steel or aluminium is intricate and progresses through several stages. When a specimen is loaded, it initially exhibits a linear length increase, depicted by a steep straight line on the stress-strain diagram. It indicates the material is elastically deforming and will return to its original shape once unloaded. However, when a critical stress value is reached, plastic deformation begins. This stage sees substantial...
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Stress is a quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that causes deformation, generally defined as internal force per unit area. When forces pull on an object and cause its elongation, like the stretching of an elastic band, it is called tensile stress. When forces cause the compression of an object, it is known as compressive stress. When an object is being squeezed uniformly from all sides, like a submarine in the depths of the ocean, we call this kind of stress bulk stress (or volume...
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
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Granular hydrogels as brittle yield stress fluids.

G B Thompson1,2, J Lee1, K M Kamani1

  • 1Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|March 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granular hydrogels exhibit complex rheology, behaving as brittle yield stress fluids. A new model quantifies their transient behavior, aiding in rational design for biomedical applications like 3D bioprinting.

Keywords:
Granular hydrogelbrittilitygranular mixturerecovery rheologyself-healing

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Rheology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Granular hydrogels are widely used in biomedical applications.
  • Current rheological characterization methods often focus on shear-thinning, self-healing, or ensemble metrics.
  • A need exists for detailed analysis of transient rheological behaviors during yielding and unyielding processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply an analytical framework to comprehensively characterize the rheological behavior of granular hydrogels.
  • To investigate the influence of microgel and granular assembly properties on steady and transient rheology.
  • To establish a quantitative model for the rational design of granular hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized oscillatory shear testing combined with the Kamani-Donley-Rogers (KDR) model, incorporating Brittility (Bt).
  • Quantified steady and transient rheology by varying microgel composition and diameter, and granular packing and droplet heterogeneity.
  • Analyzed mixtures of polyethylene glycol and gelatin microgels.

Main Results:

  • Granular hydrogels were characterized as brittle yield stress fluids with complex transient rheology.
  • The KDR model with Bt effectively captured granular hydrogel behavior across various design parameters.
  • Rheological behavior and model parameters were correlated with microgel composition in monolithic and mixed hydrogels.
  • Self-healing behavior was robustly captured, and granular relaxation time was found to depend on strain amplitude.

Conclusions:

  • The KDR model with Bt provides a quantitative framework for understanding and predicting granular hydrogel rheology.
  • This approach reduces complex transient rheology to manageable model parameters.
  • The findings facilitate the rational design of granular hydrogels for diverse applications, including injection, *in situ* stabilization, and 3D bioprinting.