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Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Gene Polymorphisms among Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Retinopathy and

Vaishali S Pawar1, Kailas D Datkhile2, Ajit V Sontakke1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, Maharashtra, India.

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences
|March 10, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Polymorphisms in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) genes, specifically ACE and AGT, are linked to diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. These genetic variations increase the risk of developing these serious T2DM complications.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to severe complications like diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a role in blood pressure regulation and has been implicated in DN.
  • Limited research exists on the combined association of RAAS gene polymorphisms with both DN and DR in T2DM patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between specific RAAS gene polymorphisms and the development of DN and DR in T2DM patients.
  • To explore the risk conferred by angiotensinogen (AGT) Met235Thr and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (ins/del) polymorphisms.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 125 T2DM patients with DN and 125 with DR, compared to T2DM patients without these complications.
  • Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ACE (ins/del) and AGT (Met235Thr) genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • Statistical analysis performed using SPSS software to determine associations and odds ratios (OR).

Main Results:

  • Patients with DN exhibited significantly higher blood pressure, serum urea, and creatinine levels.
  • The DD genotype of the ACE SNP was significantly more prevalent in both DR and DN groups (OR: 2.87 and 2.36, respectively).
  • The CC and TC genotypes of the AGT Met235Thr SNP were significantly increased in DN patients, while the TC genotype was increased in DR patients.

Conclusions:

  • ACE ins/del and AGT Met235Thr gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in T2DM patients.
  • These findings highlight the role of RAAS gene variations in the pathogenesis of T2DM-related microvascular complications.
Keywords:
ACEAGTdiabetic nephropathydiabetic retinopathytype 2 diabetes mellitus

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