The infiltration of microplastics in human systems: Gastrointestinal accumulation and pathogenic impacts

Microplastic particles have become ubiquitous in various ecosystems due to a drastic increase in plastic use and its consequent litter. The biological effects of these plastic particles on aquatic fauna are well-documented. However, the study of their accumulation and subsequent impact on terrestrial flora and fauna is in its initial stages. Furthermore, the favorable surface provided by plastics lodges various harmful substances and pathogens known to cause varied effects on human physiology. Notably, the entry of plastics into the gastrointestinal tract can result in various ailments, including dysbiosis of gut microflora and microbial biodiversity. Moreover, similar physiological ailments have been observed in humans due to the action of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, in this review, we aim to explore the relationship and possible amplification of pathogenesis due to the ability of plastic particles to provide favorable surfaces for the absorption and biofilm formation of such microorganisms. Additionally, there exists a possibility of carcinogenesis due to the coexistence of pathogenic microbes and micro-and nanoplastics due to their synergistic effects leading to severe human ailments.