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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Conditions to Consider When Choosing Fillers.

Gi-Woong Hong¹, Jovian Wan², Song-Eun Yoon³

¹Samskin Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology

|March 10, 2025

Summary

Understanding dermal filler rheology, including viscoelasticity and cohesiveness, is crucial for safe and effective aesthetic treatments. This knowledge guides practitioners in selecting appropriate hyaluronic acid (HA) and non-HA fillers for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:

hyaluronic acid fillers non‐hyaluronic acid fillers patient safety rheology viscoelasticity

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Area of Science:

Aesthetic Medicine
Dermal Fillers
Rheology

Background:

Dermal filler selection in aesthetic medicine often prioritizes cost and immediate results over rheological properties.
Understanding filler rheology (viscoelasticity, cohesiveness) enables precise selection tailored to patient needs and treatment goals.
This approach can significantly reduce the risk of aesthetic complications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review essential considerations for dermal filler selection.
Focus on rheological properties, safety profiles, and clinical applications.
To differentiate between hyaluronic acid (HA) and non-HA fillers for aesthetic procedures.

Main Methods:

Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
Searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (619 articles initially).
Included 50 peer-reviewed studies, extracting data on filler types, rheology (G', G″), safety, and efficacy.

Main Results:

Monophasic HA fillers offer smooth consistency for high-mobility areas; biphasic HA fillers provide superior lift for deeper support.
Non-HA fillers (e.g., PLLA, CaHA) offer longevity but require precise application due to irreversibility.
Selection based on rheology, target area, and patient needs mitigates risks like overfilled syndrome and Tyndall effect.

Conclusions:

Knowledge of filler rheology and safety is vital for optimal aesthetic outcomes.
HA fillers are recommended for novice practitioners due to reversibility; non-HA fillers suit experienced clinicians.
Tailored filler selection ensures safer, more effective aesthetic treatments.