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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

18.7K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
18.7K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

12.2K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2025

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns
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Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns

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Enhancing Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Heat Transfer with Micro/Nano-Structured Surfaces.

Xiuliang Liu1, Jianye Yang1, Qifan Zou1

  • 1School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.

ACS Nano
|March 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Micro/nanostructured surfaces enhance liquid-vapor phase-change heat transfer by controlling droplet and bubble dynamics. This review covers fabrication methods and design strategies for efficient heat transfer in various industrial applications.

Keywords:
capillary-driven evaporationcondensation and boilingflow condensation and boilingjet impingement boilingliquid film boilingmicro/nanostructuresphase change heat transferspray coolingthermal ground planethermal management

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Last Updated: May 23, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Thermal Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Liquid-vapor phase-change heat transfer is crucial for power generation, cooling, and desalination.
  • Micro/nanofabrication advances allow manipulation of fluid dynamics for enhanced heat transfer.
  • A comprehensive review on designing and fabricating micro/nanostructured surfaces for phase-change heat transfer is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in micro/nanostructuring for phase-change heat transfer applications.
  • To discuss the design and fabrication of micro/nanostructured surfaces with controlled morphology and wettability.
  • To highlight strategies for enhancing diverse phase-change heat transfer processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of traditional methods (machining, sintering) and advanced micro/nanofabrication techniques (laser texturing, oxidation, lithography, spray coating).
  • Analysis of multiscale droplet, bubble, and liquid film dynamics in phase-change processes.
  • Examination of surface design requirements for wettability and morphology to control phase-change phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Advanced fabrication methods enable surfaces with hierarchical structures and heterogeneous wettability.
  • Micro/nanostructured surfaces can be designed to enhance nucleation, growth, transport, and departure of droplets and bubbles.
  • Functionalized micro/nanostructures improve active phase-change processes by sustaining thin films and promoting boiling.

Conclusions:

  • Micro/nanostructuring offers significant potential for enhancing phase-change heat transfer efficiency across various applications.
  • Coordinated design of surface wettability and morphology is key to optimizing multiscale dynamics.
  • Practical aspects like reliability and scalability of micro/nano-enabled heat transfer require further consideration.