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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids
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Androgens modulate endometrial function.

Ko Yamagata1, Yousuke Mizuno2, Yumi Mizuno1,3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan.

Medical Molecular Morphology
|March 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Androgens, like testosterone, play a role in the human endometrium beyond male characteristics. This review explores their impact on endometrial health, implantation, and conditions like endometriosis.

Keywords:
AndrogensDecidualizationEndometriosisEndometriumImplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Gynecology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The human endometrium is a primary target for sex steroid hormones, regulating its proliferation and differentiation.
  • Androgens, including testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone, are crucial for male sexual development but also possess receptors in female reproductive organs.
  • Emerging evidence indicates androgens influence endometrial physiology and pathology, though their precise roles are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on the role of androgens in human endometrial physiology.
  • To examine androgen involvement in the implantation process.
  • To summarize findings regarding androgens in endometrial pathologies such as endometriosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating androgen receptor presence and function in the endometrium.
  • Analysis of research on androgenic effects on endometrial cell proliferation, differentiation, and receptivity.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking androgens to endometrial pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Androgen receptors are present and functional in the human endometrium.
  • Androgens influence endometrial receptivity and the implantation process.
  • Contradictory findings exist regarding androgen roles in normal endometrial function and pathologies like endometriosis.

Conclusions:

  • Androgens are significant modulators of human endometrial function and pathology.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex roles of androgens in the endometrium.
  • Understanding androgen actions is crucial for managing endometrial disorders.