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Virtual Reality Impacts on Novice Programmers' Self-Efficacy.

Nanlin Sun, Wallace S Lages

    IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
    |March 10, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Virtual Reality (VR) programming environments can boost self-efficacy, especially for novices. Immersive VR showed greater gains compared to desktop use, particularly in spatial tasks.

    Area of Science:

    • Computer Science Education
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Virtual Reality

    Background:

    • Virtual Reality (VR) shows potential for enhancing motivation and visualizing complex computing concepts.
    • Limited research directly compares immersive VR and non-immersive (desktop) learning environments.
    • Existing studies often focus on motivation without directly assessing learning gains or skill development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the effectiveness of an immersive Virtual Reality (VR) programming environment against a non-immersive desktop version.
    • To investigate the impact of VR on programming task performance and self-efficacy across different user experience levels.
    • To analyze differences in learning gains for procedural versus spatial programming tasks in VR and desktop modes.

    Main Methods:

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    • Developed 'Abacus,' a block-based programming environment adaptable to both immersive VR and non-immersive desktop modes.
    • Conducted a between-subjects study with 40 participants (20 VR, 20 desktop).
    • Participants completed one non-spatial procedural and one spatial 3D math programming task.

    Main Results:

    • Virtual Reality (VR) led to significantly higher gains in self-efficacy compared to the desktop condition.
    • The positive impact of VR on self-efficacy was more pronounced for participants with lower initial experience and spatial skills.
    • No significant differences in task completion accuracy were observed between VR and desktop modes for either task type.

    Conclusions:

    • Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) can be a valuable tool for increasing self-efficacy in programming education, particularly for beginners.
    • VR environments may be especially beneficial for developing confidence in spatial computing tasks.
    • Future research should explore long-term learning outcomes and the specific design features of VR that contribute to these gains.