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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

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Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Updated: May 23, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Bridging Pubertal Changes and Endotype Based Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes.

M A Roma-Wilson1, R Buzzetti2, S Zampetti2

  • 1Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
|March 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Puberty presents unique challenges for type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. Tailored monitoring and interventions are crucial for optimizing glycemic control and addressing developmental changes in adolescents with T1D.

Keywords:
complicationsendotypespsychological impactpubertytype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Adolescent Health

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset during puberty introduces complex pathogenic, clinical, and psychosocial challenges.
  • Management strategies require adaptation due to developmental changes and disease heterogeneity.
  • Distinguishing between pre-pubertal and pubertal T1D onset is critical for tailored care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the unique management needs of adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  • To emphasize the importance of tailored monitoring and therapeutic approaches during puberty.
  • To recommend actionable strategies for improving outcomes in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on T1D management during puberty.
  • Analysis of clinical and pathogenic differences between pre-pubertal and pubertal T1D onset.
  • Identification of key areas for intervention and technological advancement.

Main Results:

  • Pubertal onset T1D requires intensive glycemic management and screening for growth/pubertal issues due to severe beta-cell loss.
  • Pubertal T1D patients with preserved beta-cell function face risks of insulin resistance and obesity.
  • Systematic screening for growth, menstrual abnormalities, and microvascular complications is recommended.

Conclusions:

  • Nuanced management strategies are essential for T1D during puberty.
  • Advanced technologies like continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery warrant investigation.
  • Integrating behavioral interventions and family-centered care can improve adherence and glycemic control.