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Updated: May 23, 2025

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Microchimerism and pregnancy complications with placental dysfunction.

Daniel Pitz Jacobsen1,2,3, Heidi E Fjeldstad4,5, Maria B Olsen4,6

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. danjac@ous-hf.no.

Seminars in Immunopathology
|March 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Microchimerism, the exchange of cells between mother and fetus, impacts pregnancy health and long-term well-being. Understanding its dynamics is crucial for maternal and offspring health.

Keywords:
Angiogenic markersMesenchymal stem cellsMicrochimerismPlacental dysfunctionPregnancyTolerization

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive immunology
  • Developmental biology
  • Maternal-fetal medicine

Background:

  • Cellular exchange across the placenta, known as microchimerism, occurs in mammals and may confer evolutionary advantages.
  • The long-term effects of microchimerism on maternal and fetal health remain largely uncertain.
  • Microchimerism involves fetal, maternal, and maternal-of-the-proband cells, with dynamics influenced by gestational age and pregnancy complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the dynamics of microchimerism in relation to gestational age and pregnancy complications.
  • To explore the impact of placental dysfunction on fetal cell properties and maternal health.
  • To discuss the role of microchimerism in maternal-fetal tolerance and long-term health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on microchimerism dynamics and pregnancy complications.
  • Analysis of existing research linking microchimerism to preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and diabetes.
  • Examination of studies on stem cell properties and paracrine signaling in preeclampsia.

Main Results:

  • Increased fetal microchimerism is associated with placental dysfunction, maternal hypertension, and poor glucose control.
  • Preeclampsia alters fetal stem cell properties, reducing proliferative potential and disrupting paracrine signaling.
  • Microchimerism disruption is linked to pregnancy complications, while its persistence supports regulatory T cell populations.

Conclusions:

  • Microchimerism plays a critical role in maternal-fetal tolerance, and its disruption can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
  • Altered fetal cell properties due to placental dysfunction may negatively impact maternal health.
  • Further understanding of microchimerism is vital for improving reproductive and long-term health for mothers and offspring.