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    This study introduces eleven design patterns for cross-reality (XR) systems, addressing the need for a unified framework. These patterns aid designers in creating complex XR applications across the reality-virtuality continuum.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Virtual Reality
    • Augmented Reality

    Background:

    • Cross-reality (XR) systems integrate multiple realities, creating complex user experiences.
    • Existing XR research lacks a unified design framework.
    • This gap hinders the development of sophisticated XR applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To address the need for a design framework in cross-reality.
    • To present a comprehensive set of eleven design patterns for XR applications.
    • To support designers in creating novel XR systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic analysis of 60 research papers on cross-reality.
    • Identification of recurring solutions and design strategies.
    • Categorization of design patterns into fundamental, origin, display, and interaction.

    Main Results:

    • Eleven distinct design patterns for cross-reality applications were identified and defined.
    • Patterns are detailed with intent, solution, application examples, diagrams, and archetypes.
    • The patterns cover fundamental, origin, display, and interaction aspects of XR design.

    Conclusions:

    • The presented design patterns offer a foundational framework for XR development.
    • These patterns provide practical guidance and inspiration for designers.
    • This work facilitates the creation of more cohesive and effective cross-reality systems.