Vaccine to Nano-Vaccine: Novel Technique to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune diseases are a class of diseases wherein the immune system of the body targets itself through autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies. Autoimmune diseases are classified as organ-specific autoimmune diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT), Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1D), and Graves' Disease (GD) are characterized by a unique immune system response to autoantigens in a single organ. Systemic autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and Sjogren syndrome are characterized by a systemic spread of autoantigens causing a multi-organ attack. In this review, we discuss rheumatoid arthritis, its prevalence in India, and its risk factors. We discuss the pharmacotherapies for RA that are currently available on the market. By identifying the disadvantages and side effects of the treatment, we mainly focus on how nanotechnology will be helpful in vaccine research and the advancement of anti-RA therapeutics from vaccines to nano-vaccines. In addition, the benefits of nano-vaccines are explored in future perspectives. In conclusion, nano-vaccines will be a novel technique for treating RA because they show possible outcomes from nanovaccine use.