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Related Concept Videos

Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

2.9K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

3.3K
Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
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siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

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Autophagy and Programmed Cell Death Modalities Interplay in HIV Pathogenesis.

Harpreet Kaur Lamsira1, Andrea Sabatini2, Serena Ciolfi2

  • 1Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy.

Cells
|March 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy and programmed cell death pathways are key to understanding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. Targeting these cellular processes may offer new strategies against HIV infection and immune dysfunction.

Keywords:
HIVapoptosisautophagyferroptosisnecroptosispyroptosisxenophagy

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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

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Last Updated: May 22, 2025

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
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siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a global health concern, with millions affected and new infections rising post-COVID-19.
  • Understanding cellular mechanisms like autophagy and programmed cell death is vital for developing effective HIV therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interplay between autophagy and programmed cell death (apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis) in HIV pathogenesis.
  • To highlight molecular mechanisms, roles in viral persistence, immune dysfunction, and therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on autophagy, programmed cell death, and HIV.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways and host-virus interactions.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy has a dual role in HIV infection, affecting viral replication and immune responses.
  • Programmed cell death, particularly apoptosis, contributes to CD4+ T cell depletion and HIV/AIDS progression.
  • These pathways are implicated in viral persistence and immune dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between autophagy and programmed cell death is central to HIV pathogenesis.
  • Targeting these cellular pathways offers potential for novel therapeutic strategies against HIV.
  • Addressing viral reservoirs and drug resistance remains critical for managing HIV.