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Related Concept Videos

Experimental Designs01:16

Experimental Designs

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An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are three widely used types of experimental design - pre-experimental design, true experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. In pre-experimental design, the researcher compares the data before and after some interventions or treatments. The true-experimental design has more than one purposefully created group, a commonly measured...
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Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
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Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and...
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Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

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Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
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Data Collection by Experiments01:13

Data Collection by Experiments

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Data collection is a systematic method of obtaining, observing, measuring, and analyzing accurate information. An experimental study is a standard method of data collection that involves the manipulation of the samples by applying some form of treatment prior to data collection. It refers to manipulating one variable to determine its changes on another variable. The sample subjected to treatment is known as “experimental units.”
An example of the experimental method is a public...
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What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

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An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2025

The Participant-Reported Implementation Update and Score PRIUS: A Novel Method for Capturing Implementation-Related Data Over Time
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The Case for Preregistering Quasi-Experimental Program and Policy Evaluations.

Thomas S Dee1

  • 1Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Evaluation Review
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Summary

Preregistration of studies is crucial for reliable research. Adopting preregistration for quasi-experimental studies, common in social sciences, can improve research integrity and reduce false findings.

Keywords:
design and evaluation of programs and policiesquasi-experimental design < methodology (if appropriate)

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Research Methodology
  • Open Science

Background:

  • Researcher discretion, biases, and motivated reasoning can lead to false findings (p-hacking).
  • Study preregistration and open-science practices are widely adopted in experimental research.
  • Quasi-experimental studies, prevalent for causal claims in social sciences, involve significant discretionary decisions.

Discussion:

  • The preregistration of quasi-experimental studies remains uncommon despite their reliance on discretionary decisions.
  • Empirical evidence suggests questionable research practices contribute to the unreliability of quasi-experimental research.
  • Adopting preregistration for quasi-experimental studies is advocated to enhance research integrity.

Key Insights:

  • Questionable research practices are linked to the comparative unreliability of quasi-experimental research.
  • Preregistration of quasi-experimental studies is essential to mitigate biases and improve the credibility of causal claims.
  • Implementing preregistration requires careful consideration of design details and a shift in research norms.

Outlook:

  • Further consideration of design details, such as balancing data cleaning with preregistration, is needed.
  • A shift in research norms is necessary to differentiate between prespecified, confirmatory results and exploratory findings.
  • Widespread adoption of preregistration in quasi-experimental research will bolster the reliability and validity of social science findings.