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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Computer Science
  • Information Security

Background:

  • Debate exists on whether releasing anonymous ballots post-election enhances transparency or compromises ballot secrecy.
  • Policy-makers consider public disclosure to address public distrust in election integrity.
  • Concerns arise that linking votes to voters could undermine the principle of secret ballots.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and define the concept of 'vote revelation'—linking anonymous votes to voter identities.
  • To analyze the theoretical mechanisms through which vote revelation could occur.
  • To quantify the privacy risks associated with releasing individual ballot records versus aggregate data.

Main Methods:

  • Case study analysis of the 2020 election in Maricopa County, Arizona.
  • Modeling the potential for vote revelation under different data release scenarios.
  • Comparison of individual ballot record release against current aggregate reporting practices.

Main Results:

  • Releasing individual ballot records would result in no vote revelation for 99.83% of voters.
  • Current aggregate reporting in Maricopa County protects voter privacy slightly better (99.95% no revelation).
  • Vote revelation risk is concentrated among voters using provisional or federal-only ballots.

Conclusions:

  • The risk of vote revelation from releasing individual ballot records is minimal for the vast majority of voters.
  • A trade-off exists between election transparency and voter privacy, inherent in all reporting methods.
  • Targeted remedies can mitigate privacy violations for specific voter groups, balancing transparency goals.