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Ultra-high energy spectral prompt PET.

Satyajit Ghosh1, Valerio Cosmi1, Ruud M Ramakers1,2

  • 1Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.

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|March 12, 2025
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Summary

Prompt gamma imaging in preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) achieves sub-millimeter resolution for various isotopes. This technique enhances image quality and is suitable for high-energy gamma emitters.

Keywords:
PET-SPECTmulti-isotope PETpinhole imagingpositron rangesub-mm resolution

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Medical Imaging
  • Preclinical Research

Background:

  • Prompt gamma imaging in preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) offers advantages over traditional methods by mitigating image degradation from positron range blurring and photon downscatter.
  • This technique enables multi-isotope PET imaging and improves counting statistics for low-abundance positron emitters, as previously demonstrated for isotopes like Iodine-124 (¹²⁴I) and Zirconium-89 (⁸⁹Zr).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility of achieving sub-millimeter PET imaging resolution using prompt gammas for a wide range of isotopes.
  • To investigate the performance of prompt gamma imaging with isotopes emitting high-energy prompt gammas (>1 MeV) or complex gamma-ray spectra.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Monte Carlo simulations to assess image resolution and uniformity.
  • Simulated a broad spectrum of prompt gamma energies (603 keV to 2.2 MeV) and various isotopes, including Manganese-52 (⁵²Mn), Technetium-94 (⁹⁴Tc), Zirconium-89 (⁸⁹Zr), Scandium-44 (⁴⁴Sc), Yttrium-86 (⁸⁶Y), Arsenic-72 (⁷²As), Iodine-124 (¹²⁴I), Potassium-38 (³⁸K), and Gallium-66 (⁶⁶Ga).
  • Employed current cluster pinhole collimators in the simulations.

Main Results:

  • Sub-millimeter resolution imaging was found to be feasible for most investigated isotopes using cluster pinhole collimators.
  • Image resolutions of approximately 0.65 mm and 0.7 mm were achieved for lower energy prompt gammas (e.g., ¹²⁴I at 603 keV, ⁹⁴Tc at 703 keV, ⁵²Mn at 744 keV, ⁷²As at 834 keV, ⁸⁹Zr at 909 keV).
  • Resolutions of approximately 0.75 mm and 0.8 mm were maintained at ultra-high energies (1.2 MeV for ⁴⁴Sc, 1.4 MeV for ⁵²Mn), with minor ring artifacts at 1.4 MeV. An image resolution of 1.2 mm was achieved for Potassium-38 (³⁸K) at 2.2 MeV.

Conclusions:

  • Current cluster pinhole collimators are effective for sub-millimeter resolution prompt PET imaging up to at least 1.4 MeV prompt gamma energies.
  • This capability expands the potential applications of various PET isotopes, paving the way for new tracer development and therapeutic strategies.