The lateralization of reading

Reports in the 1890s described reading disorders from left hemisphere damage. Subsequent work converging from a variety of research approaches have confirmed a strong dependence of reading on the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex, though there is also evidence for some reading capacity of the right hemisphere. The development of this leftward bias parallels reading acquisition in children and adults and is blunted in developmental dyslexia. Several structural and functional hypotheses have been advanced to explain why reading lateralizes to the left. In the second half of this review we explore the extension of these findings to other forms of reading. Most reading studies used the alphabetic scripts of Europe but there are many writing systems. Comparisons with logographic scripts such as Chinese and kanji have revealed subtle differences. Also, while we often think of reading as the extraction of verbal language from written text, it can be broadened to other types of information extraction from symbols. Reading can occur with visual stimuli that are not written text, as with sign language in the deaf and lip-reading, and with non-visual stimuli that are textual, as with Braille. Musical notation and number reading are other text-based visual forms of reading that do not involve words. Overall, most studies show that the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex is involved in processing these diverse types of reading, with variable contributions from the right hemisphere.