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Updated: Jun 9, 2026
12:55
P50 Sensory Gating in Infants
Published on: December 26, 2013
Relations Between Paternal Child-Rearing and Child Inhibited Temperament Across Infancy and Toddlerhood
Nicole M Baumgartner1, Elizabeth J Kiel1
1Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA.
Summary
Fathers' parenting behaviors, including nurturance and restrictiveness, influence child inhibited temperament. Child temperament also shapes fathers' parenting over time, showing a bidirectional relationship in development.
Area of Science:
- Developmental Psychology
- Child Psychology
- Family Studies
Background:
- Parenting behaviors and child temperament are known to influence each other.
- Fathers are underrepresented in research on parenting and temperament.
- Understanding father's role in child temperament is crucial for developmental insights.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the longitudinal relationship between fathers' parenting behaviors and child inhibited temperament.
- To investigate bidirectional influences between fathers and children over time.
- To address the underrepresentation of fathers in temperament research.
Main Methods:
- A three-point longitudinal study with 116 father-child dyads.
- Laboratory assessments of child temperament (observed) and father's parenting behaviors (self-reported) at child ages 1, 2, and 3 years.
- Path modeling to analyze concurrent and longitudinal associations.
Main Results:
- Paternal nurturance, restrictiveness, and encouragement of independence were linked to observed infant inhibited temperament.
- Observed inhibited temperament at age 1 predicted increased paternal encouragement of independence at age 2.
- Bidirectional effects were observed, indicating mutual influence between fathers and children.
Conclusions:
- Fathering significantly impacts child temperament development, with specific parenting styles showing associations.
- Child temperament can longitudinally influence fathers' parenting practices, highlighting a reciprocal relationship.
- This study underscores the importance of including fathers in research on child development and temperament.
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