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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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What is Climate?01:16

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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High temporal variability not trend dominates Mediterranean precipitation.

Sergio M Vicente-Serrano1,2, Yves Tramblay3, Fergus Reig4,5

  • 1Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain. svicen@ipe.csic.es.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mediterranean precipitation has remained stable from 1871 to 2020, despite climate model projections. Observed variability is mainly due to natural atmospheric dynamics, not long-term trends.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Climate models project significant precipitation decline in the Mediterranean.
  • Observed data suggest recent decreases, with some studies attributing this to human influence.
  • Conflicting views exist regarding long-term Mediterranean precipitation trends and variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively assess precipitation changes in the Mediterranean region from 1871 to 2020.
  • To reconcile conflicting findings on Mediterranean precipitation trends.
  • To evaluate the role of internal variability versus anthropogenic influences.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the most extensive precipitation dataset for the region (over 23,000 stations across 27 countries).
  • Analyzed precipitation data spanning from 1871 to 2020.
  • Compared observed trends with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations.

Main Results:

  • Mediterranean precipitation has largely remained stationary over the 1871-2020 period.
  • Significant multi-decadal and interannual variability was observed.
  • Identified trends in specific periods/subregions were attributed to atmospheric dynamics and internal variability, not long-term climate change.

Conclusions:

  • The Mediterranean region's precipitation has shown long-term stationarity, contrary to some climate model projections.
  • Observed precipitation variability is primarily driven by natural atmospheric dynamics.
  • Findings are crucial for environmental, agricultural, and water resource planning in a climate change hotspot.