Progress and Prospects of Polymer/One-Dimensional Nanoclay Superabsorbent Composites

Superabsorbent materials (SAMs), featuring a three-dimensional (3D) hydrophilic polymer network, can absorb and retain water up to thousands of times their own weight, even under pressure. This makes them indispensable in various fields, including hygiene products and agriculture. The water absorption capacity of SAMs is influenced by the presence of hydrophilic groups and a swellable network structure. To optimize performance, one must adjust the types and concentrations of functional groups. Additionally, changes in the density and regularity of the polymer network are necessary. Significant performance improvements are limited by inherent challenges in modifying polymer chains or networks. To enhance performance, researchers focus on manipulating the components and structure of the polymer network. Effective water retention requires the network to fully expand while maintaining its strength. Incorporating nanoparticles, especially one-dimensional (1D) nanoclays, minimizes chain entanglement and prevents network collapse during drying. This approach effectively addresses the above challenges. Upon swelling, these nanoparticles improve hydrogen bonding within the polymer network, significantly boosting the performance of SAMs. Nanoclays are abundant natural silicates found in various nanostructures like nanorods, nanofibers, and nanotubes. These nanoclays contain reactive silanol groups that form strong hydrogen bonds with polymer chains. This aids in network formation and reduces costs. Advances in synthesis and structural control have facilitated the development of versatile 1D nanoclay-based SAMs. This paper reviews the structure, characteristics, and applications of such materials and proposes future research directions aimed at developing higher-performance clay-based SAMs.