Binge Eating Disorder and Metabolic Syndrome: Shared Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Background: Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by episodes of uncontrollable eating, defined by the rapid consumption of large quantities of food over a short period. This condition is associated with a variety of psychological and non-psychological factors, including behavioral, biological, genetic, neurological, and pharmacological influences, all of which adversely affect patients' daily lives. BED is linked to numerous health consequences, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, chronic pain, and hypertension. Although BED is not exclusive to individuals with obesity, it is more prevalent in this population, who also face a heightened risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). The latter is a cluster of five risk factors-obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia-that significantly increase the likelihood of chronic diseases. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes existing research to explore the association between BED and MetS, examining shared pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. It also highlights the role of escalating food insecurity and ongoing political, economic, and health crises in the development of BED. Results: BED is significantly associated with MetS components, including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia, all contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Beyond body weight, behavioral, genetic, biological, and neurological factors mediate this relationship. Conclusions: BED is strongly linked to MetS through shared behavioral, genetic, and biological pathways. Early detection, integrated management strategies, and further research are crucial to addressing the public health challenges posed by this association.