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Biofunctionalized Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging Applications
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Gadolinium Functionalized Carbon Dot Complexes for Dual-Modal Imaging: Structure, Performance, and Applications.

Xin Lv1, Lin Chen1,2, Rongrong Guo3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
|March 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Gadolinium functionalized carbon dots (Gd-CDs) offer dual-modal bioimaging by combining fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging capabilities. This review highlights their structure, properties, and applications in cellular imaging and cancer diagnosis.

Keywords:
dual-modal molecular probesfluorescence imaginggadolinium functionalized carbon dot complexesmagnetic resonance imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Gadolinium functionalized carbon dots (Gd-CDs) integrate the fluorescent properties of carbon dots with the magnetic characteristics of gadolinium ions.
  • These dual-modal probes offer advantages like biocompatibility, high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and deep tissue penetration for bioimaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in Gd-CDs, focusing on their structure, optical and magnetic properties.
  • To detail the mechanisms and performance of Gd-CDs in dual-modal imaging applications.
  • To summarize applications in cellular imaging, in vivo imaging, and integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of Gd-CD structures based on gadolinium integration: chelation, electrostatic interaction, and encapsulation.
  • Detailed introduction to the mechanisms and performance metrics of Gd-CDs in dual-modal imaging.
  • Review of applications in cellular imaging, in vivo imaging, and cancer diagnosis/therapy.

Main Results:

  • Gd-CDs exhibit excellent fluorescence (FL) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capacities.
  • Reported Gd-CDs achieve a maximum quantum yield of 69.86% with emission up to 625 nm.
  • Optimal longitudinal and transverse relaxivity rates are 35.39 and 115.6 mM⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Gd-CDs show significant promise for dual-modal bioimaging, cellular imaging, and integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges in controlled synthesis and to facilitate wider biomedical applications.
  • Gd-CDs represent a valuable platform for advancing biomedical imaging and theranostics.