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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2025

G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome
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Levels of Replication.

Iver H Iversen1

  • 1University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA.

Perspectives on Behavior Science
|March 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication in behavior analysis extends beyond repeating experiments. It is integral to within-session procedures, demonstrating stimulus control moment-to-moment.

Keywords:
Pennypackerdiscrete-trial proceduresmoment-to-moment analysessingle-case designsstimulus controlwithin-session replication

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Area of Science:

  • Behavior Analysis
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Replication is crucial for establishing the generality of findings in behavior analysis.
  • Traditionally, replication involves repeating entire experiments directly or systematically.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight that replication is also an inherent component of many within-experiment procedures in behavior analysis.
  • To demonstrate how moment-to-moment analyses are essential for successful replication.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of single-stimulus and conditional discrimination procedures.
  • Illustration of within-session experimental designs that incorporate replication.
  • Fine-grained data analysis of behavioral responses.

Main Results:

  • Replication is embedded within procedures like single-stimulus discrimination via repeated mini-AB designs.
  • Conditional discrimination procedures also inherently involve replication through trial structures.
  • Moment-to-moment behavioral analyses confirm the presence of replication within sessions.

Conclusions:

  • Replication in behavior analysis is multifaceted, occurring both across and within experiments.
  • Understanding within-session replication enhances the analysis of stimulus control and experimental rigor.