Tissue-Specific Metabolic Reprogramming in Innate Lymphoid Cells and Its Impact on Disease

Recent advances have highlighted the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming in shaping the functions of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which are vital for tissue immunity and homeostasis. As tissue-resident cells, ILCs dynamically respond to local environmental cues, with tissue-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and amino acids directly modulating their effector functions. The metabolic states of ILC subsets-ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3-are closely linked to their ability to produce cytokines, sustain survival, and drive proliferation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation, influence ILC activation and function. Furthermore, we explore the complex interactions between these metabolic pathways and tissue-specific metabolites, which can shape ILC-mediated immune responses in health and disease. Understanding these interactions reveals new insights into the pathogenesis of conditions such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may not only advance our knowledge of disease pathogenesis but also lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic pathways in ILCs to treat tissue-specific immune disorders.