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Updated: May 22, 2025

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Genetic and circulating biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in CKD

Carmine Zoccali1,2,3, Francesca Mallamaci4,5, Carsten A Wagner6

  • 1Renal Research Institute, NY, USA.

Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|March 13, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Cognitive decline is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Research highlights links between kidney function markers, genetic factors, and dementia risk, but more studies are needed to understand these complex relationships.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Neurology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently co-occurs with cognitive dysfunction and dementia.
  • This cognitive impairment elevates risks for hospitalization, cardiovascular events, and mortality.
  • A significant research gap exists regarding genetic markers for cognitive impairment in CKD and kidney failure (KF).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on cognitive impairment in CKD and kidney failure (KF).
  • To identify associations between kidney disease markers and cognitive function.
  • To explore potential genetic predispositions and biomarkers linked to cognitive decline in CKD patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating cognitive function in CKD and KF.
  • Analysis of associations between kidney function markers (e.g., eGFR, Cystatin C, albuminuria) and cognitive outcomes.
  • Examination of reported biomarkers related to Alzheimer's disease and dementia in CKD/KF populations.

Main Results:

  • Limited research exists on genetic markers for cognitive impairment in CKD/KF.
  • Established links between kidney disease markers (eGFR decline, albuminuria) and cognitive deterioration, including vascular dementia and executive dysfunction.
  • Numerous biomarkers (amyloid beta, tau proteins, uremic toxins, gut microbiota, inflammation) are associated with cognitive issues in CKD/KF, though causality is unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive impairment is a significant complication of CKD/KF.
  • Kidney function markers and various biological factors are associated with cognitive decline.
  • Further research is crucial to clarify the complex interplay and causal relationships between biomarkers and cognitive health in CKD.

Keywords:
CKDcirculating biomarkerscognitive impairmentdementiagenetic biomarkers

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