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Adjusting for nonrepresentativeness in continuous norming using multilevel regression and poststratification.

Klazien de Vries1, Marieke E Timmerman1, Anja F Ernst1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape with multilevel regression and poststratification (GAMLSS + MRP) effectively reduces bias in psychological test norming. This method is more efficient than current techniques, especially for age-dependent sample nonrepresentativeness.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Statistical modeling

Background:

  • Nonrepresentative normative samples in psychological testing can introduce bias.
  • Establishing sample representativeness is practically challenging.
  • Adjustment methods are crucial for mitigating bias in normed score estimates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape with multilevel regression and poststratification (GAMLSS + MRP) as a bias adjustment method.
  • To compare GAMLSS + MRP with existing continuous norming adjustment methods.
  • To provide a practical implementation guide for GAMLSS + MRP.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation study comparing GAMLSS + MRP with GAMLSS + P (poststratification) and cNORM + R (raking).
  • Evaluation of bias reduction and efficiency across different nonrepresentativeness scenarios.
  • Application of GAMLSS + MRP to real-world normative data from the Schlichting language test.

Main Results:

  • GAMLSS + MRP demonstrated superior efficiency compared to GAMLSS + P and cNORM + R.
  • GAMLSS + MRP was more effective in reducing bias, particularly in samples with age-dependent nonrepresentativeness.
  • The method proved to be a valid adjustment technique for continuous norming.

Conclusions:

  • GAMLSS + MRP is a recommended adjustment method for mitigating bias in nonrepresentative normative samples.
  • The study provides a practical, step-wise approach for implementing GAMLSS + MRP.
  • Open-source analysis code is provided to facilitate adoption and further research.