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Updated: May 22, 2025

Psychophysically-anchored, Robust Thresholding in Studying Pain-related Lateralization of Oscillatory Prestimulus Activity
Published on: January 21, 2017
What is the research question? Estimands explained
Rolf H H Groenwold1,2, Saskia le Cessie1,2, Olaf M Dekkers1,3,4
1Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Abstract:
Although many papers of medical research report on a treatment effect, it is not always clear what is exactly meant by that effect. An estimand is a precise definition of a treatment effect and includes 5 attributes: population, treatment, (outcome) variable, intercurrent events, and summary measure. In this paper, we discuss how the estimand framework helps to align different phases of studies of medical treatments, from research objectives to design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of results.
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