Mesothelioma cell heterogeneity identified by single cell RNA sequencing

Mesothelioma cell heterogeneity encompasses diverse morphological and molecular characteristics observed within tumors, significantly impacting disease progression, treatment outcomes, and the development of targeted therapies. This heterogeneity has long posed challenges for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, but understanding its complexities offers the potential for novel diagnostic modalities and therapeutic interventions. This study employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate mesothelioma cell heterogeneity from various sources, including cell culture (CC), peritoneal lavage (Lav) from the tumor microenvironment, and circulating tumor cells (CTC) in murine models. Gene set enrichment analysis was used to identify distinct gene signatures for each subpopulation. The results revealed unique characteristics for mesothelioma cells depending on their origin. In the CC group, up-regulated genes were primarily involved in tumor cell cycle control, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the CTC group, up-regulated genes were associated with cancer cell stemness. The Lav group showed up-regulated genes facilitating interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immune responses mediated by IFN-α and IFN-γ. Some pathways were shared among all tumor cells, suggesting the potential for transitioning between functional states under specific conditions. This may be the first study to explore circulating mesothelioma cell heterogeneity using scRNA-seq. The distinct gene signatures identified in each mesothelioma cell subpopulation likely play critical roles in tumor initiation and progression, offering potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention. These findings could help inform the development of more effective, personalized treatments for mesothelioma, ultimately improving patient outcomes.