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Mpox: there is still risk of global outbreak

Silvano Esposito1, Chiara D'Amore1,2, Flora Salzano1

  • 1Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.

Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy)
|March 14, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Mpox, an emerging zoonotic disease, spread globally and was declared a public health emergency. While the emergency declaration ended in May 2023, its long-term international health impact requires further study.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Mpox is an emerging zoonosis originating in African animals, later identified as a human sexually transmitted infection.
  • Characterized by a 5–21 day incubation period, nonspecific prodromal symptoms, and distinctive vesicular skin lesions.
  • Regular small outbreaks occurred in Central and West Africa before a global PHEIC declaration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emergence and global spread of Mpox.
  • To document the timeline of the Mpox Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
  • To assess the current understanding of Mpox's international public health impact.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Mpox epidemiology and transmission.
  • Analysis of WHO declarations and case reporting trends.
  • Synthesis of information on Mpox's zoonotic origins and human-to-human spread.

Main Results:

  • Mpox transitioned from regional outbreaks to a global concern, leading to a PHEIC in July 2022.
  • The WHO declared an end to the Mpox emergency in May 2023 due to declining cases.
  • The full international public health impact of Mpox remains under investigation as of October 2024.

Conclusions:

  • Mpox represents a significant emerging zoonotic threat with global health implications.
  • The PHEIC designation highlighted the rapid spread and international concern surrounding the virus.
  • Ongoing surveillance and research are crucial to fully understand and manage the long-term impact of Mpox.
Keywords:
AfricaHIVMonkeypoxSTDmpoxoutbreak

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