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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

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Published on: October 29, 2013

Side-Functionalization of Poly(l-methionine) for Ice Control.

Qingjing Niu¹, Ke Shang¹, Huimin Han¹

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.

Biomacromolecules

|March 14, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed novel antifreeze polypeptides inspired by nature to improve cryopreservation. These functionalized poly(l-methionine)s show promise as biocompatible cryoprotectants by controlling ice growth in cells.

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Published on: August 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Biochemistry
Cell Biology

Background:

Controlling ice crystal formation is essential for successful cryopreservation of cells.
Current small molecule cryoprotectants present limitations in efficacy and biocompatibility.
Natural antifreeze proteins provide a model for developing advanced cryoprotective agents.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize functionalized poly(l-methionine)s (PMets) as novel cryoprotectants.
To investigate the influence of different side groups on the ice control properties of PMets.
To explore the potential of these polypeptides as biocompatible alternatives to conventional cryoprotectants.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of functionalized poly(l-methionine)s with hydroxyl, threonine-mimetic, zwitterionic, glycerol, and trehalose pendants.
Characterization of PMet self-assembly into nanoparticles in aqueous solutions.
Evaluation of ice growth inhibition and ice recrystallization inhibition activities of functionalized PMets.
Assessment of ice nucleation properties of zwitterionic PMet-COOH.

Main Results:

Functionalized PMets self-assembled into positively charged nanoparticles (100-300 nm) in water.
PMet-MOH demonstrated ice growth inhibition via adsorption, likely involving methyl and hydroxyl groups.
Trehalose-tethered PMet exhibited strong ice recrystallization inhibition by restricting water diffusion.
Zwitterionic PMet-COOH significantly promoted ice nucleation.

Conclusions:

Functionalized polypeptides offer tunable ice control properties for cryopreservation.
The specific side groups dictate the mechanism and efficacy of ice modulation.
These novel PMets represent promising candidates for advanced, biocompatible cryoprotective applications.