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Phytomelatonin: Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Functions.

Qi Chen1, Yanli Chen2, Xue Li1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China;

Annual Review of Plant Biology
|March 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phytomelatonin, a plant hormone, promotes growth and stress resistance through complex biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Plants precisely control its production to balance development and defense against environmental challenges.

Keywords:
G proteinPMTR1biosynthesisgrowthmitogen-activated protein kinasephytomelatoninreactive oxygen speciessignalingstress

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Hormone Signaling
  • Stress Physiology

Background:

  • Phytomelatonin is recognized for its crucial roles in plant growth promotion and enhancing stress resistance.
  • Unlike animal melatonin, phytomelatonin biosynthesis is complex, occurring across multiple plant organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cytoplasm).
  • Plants utilize compartmentalized production and differential gene expression to regulate phytomelatonin levels for growth and stress response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate biosynthetic pathways and signaling mechanisms of phytomelatonin in plants.
  • To understand how plants fine-tune phytomelatonin levels for optimal growth and defense.
  • To explore the role of phytomelatonin in balancing plant growth and stress resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating phytomelatonin biosynthesis across various plant organelles.
  • Analyzing gene expression patterns related to phytomelatonin production.
  • Studying phytomelatonin interactions with its receptor (PMTR1) and downstream signaling cascades (G protein, ROS-Ca2+, MAPK).

Main Results:

  • Phytomelatonin biosynthesis is compartmentalized within specific organelles, allowing for precise regulation.
  • Phytomelatonin interacts with PMTR1, initiating signaling pathways involving G proteins, ROS-Ca2+, and MAPKs.
  • Phytomelatonin primarily promotes plant growth, while stress resistance is inducible and primed.

Conclusions:

  • The flexible biosynthesis and diverse signaling pathways of phytomelatonin enable plants to finely tune hormone levels.
  • Phytomelatonin plays a key role in balancing the trade-offs between plant growth and stress resistance.
  • Understanding phytomelatonin's mechanisms offers insights into improving plant resilience and productivity.